![]() Exogenous Ketones: What They Are, Benefits of Use and How They Work. Exogenous ketones have become a popular nutritional supplement since their introduction in 2. Like with any new supplement, though, there tends to be a lot of misinformation that you have to sift your way through to find the reliable data. So, this article does the hard work for you and gets right to what the true benefits and drawbacks of exogenous ketones are.
We also cover what forms of ketones to consider, how they function in the body, and their role in future research. What Are Ketones? Our bodies use ketones via our mitochondria to generate energy. They are an alternative fuel source to glucose. Ketones are simple compounds because of their small molecular structure and weight. Most supplements rely on BHB as the source of their exogenous ketone bodies. BHB is converted to acetoacetic acid and then some quantity converted to acetone through. GUIDELINES - FARM FEEDS. Sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, also known as gliflozins, are a new class of orally active drugs used in the management of type 2 diabetes. Specifically, they are organic (carbon- based) compounds that contain a central carbon atom double- bonded to an oxygen atom and two carbon- containing substituents, denoted by . These are also often referred to as ketone bodies. The three ketones are: Acetone. Acetoacetic Acid. Beta- Hydroxybutyric Acid (also known Beta Hydroxybuyrate or BHB). ![]() ![]() Other chemical names include 3- hydroxybutyric acid or 3- hydroxybutyrate. BHB is not technically a ketone since it contains a reactive OH- group in place of where a double- bonded oxygen normally would be as you can see in the diagram below. Yet, BHB still functions like a ketone in the body and converts into energy much like acetoacetate and acetone. This happens via the acetoacetate and acetyl- Co. A pathway. Note that acetone conversion to acetyl- Co. A is not efficient due to the need to convert acetone to acetoacetate via decarboxylation. However, BHB still functions. Ketone bodies produced in the liver are more properly referred to as endogenous ketone bodies. Exogenous = Originates from a source. BHB is converted to acetoacetic acid and then some quantity converted to acetone through a acetoacetate decarboxylase waste pathway, the acetone will be excreted. Some of the acetoacetic acid will enter the energy pathway using beta- ketothialase, which converts acetoacetic acid to two Acetyl- Co. A molecules. The Acetyl- Co. A is then able to enter the Krebs cycle and generate ATP. Exogenous ketone body supplements provide users with an instant supply of ketones. Important note: Research is in its early stages and we need more data to understand the long- term effects of combining high blood ketone levels with high or moderate carbohydrate based diets. Exogenous ketone body supplements provide users with an instant supply of ketones. They raise blood ketones even if you. We don’t yet fully understand what the long term effects of combining a non ketogenic diet with exogenous ketone supplements are. Research is in its early stages and more data is needed. A common question is why BHB is the go- to ketone body for exogenous ketone supplements. The likely reason is a combination of its efficient conversion into energy and its ease of formulation. In other words, that it is easier to formulate BHB into a nutritional supplement. And the body efficiently converts BHB to acetoacetic acid, which effectively raises blood ketone levels. Are “Raspberry Ketones” the Same as “Ketone Bodies”? Raspberry ketones have become an increasingly popular ingredient used in fat- loss supplements. But, despite their name, they have no relation to ketone bodies. This has created some confusion for people interested in exogenous ketone supplements. Raspberry ketones are in fact phenolic compounds that give raspberries their pleasant smell. They are structurally similar to the stimulant synephrine. These have nothing to do with exogenous ketones and beta hydroxybutyrate. Ketone Salts vs. Ketone Esters. Exogenous ketones of beta hydroxybutyrate are available in two forms: Ketone Salts: Naturally- derived compounds that simply mix sodium (and/or potassium, or calcium) with BHB to improve absorption. Commercially available supplements are all made from ketone salts currently (includes Keto. Force, Keto. Ca. Na and Keto OS). These are also sometimes called . Ketone esters are used primarily in research (at the moment) for testing their efficacy in elevating ketone body levels (below is a generic structure of a BHB ester). They also are reportedly very unpleasant tasting, according to those who have experimented with them. Structure of a BHB Ester. Currently, the commercially available supplements for personal use are all made from the ketone salts. Ketone esters are only used in research at this time. The ketone esters raise blood levels of beta hydroxybutyrate to higher levels than the ketone salts. There is also strong evidence that ketone esters are more effective than ketone salts as far as their physiological benefits go. It is not clear why this happens, but could be because of a difference in the absorption rate in the GI tract. However, esters tend to be a little tougher to tolerate (due to gut distress after ingestion) and don. Ketone esters were the most effective at reducing weight gain over the 4- week period. However, the point must be made that by week 4 BHB salts and BHB salts + MCT oil had matched the total body weight loss of the ketone esters. This may suggest that ketone esters have a greater initial impact, then plateaus as the body weight stabilises to a new equilibrium): Figure 1: Effect of Exogenous Ketone Supplements on Body Weight. The supplements included: BMS (Beta- hydroxybutyrate Mineral Salt) – sodium/ potassium based (similar to Keto. Force)MCT (medium chain triglyceride oil)BMS + MCT (1: 1 mixture of beta- hydroxybutyrate mineral salt and MCT oil)KE (Ketone Ester – 1,3 butanediol acetoacetate diester)BD (1,3- butanediol)Benefits of Exogenous Ketone Use. Exogenous ketone supplements may provide a multitude of benefits. These include athletic performance enhancement, more efficient weight loss, cancer prevention, cognitive improvement and anti- inflammatory properties. Weight Loss Goals. Appetite suppression: As shown above in figure 1, a 4- week trial done on rats showed that exogenous ketones were effective at reducing weight gain. It is likely that this reduction in weight gain was the result of the exogenous ketones reducing the overall food intake. The fate of excess ketones: In the event someone has an excessive amount of ketones in the blood, the body (specifically the kidneys) will work as quickly as possible to filter out ketones via urine rather than converting them to adipose tissue. Exogenous ketones in the form of ketone salts, in comparison, are generally well- tolerated. Thus they enable one to avoid adverse GI events while providing the body with. A combination of MCT oil and exogenous ketones may aid weight loss and allow a lower loading of ketone supplements, without the GI distress seen with MCT oil. Performance Goals. Athletic enhancement: Exogenous ketone supplementation has a promising outlook for enhancing athletic performance for a variety of reasons. Firstly, ingested ketone bodies induce an acute ketosis that lasts for several hours and mimics the physiology of starvation. Secondly. A very well formulated study by Volek et al. Normally, glucose would be the preferred substrate, which is much less efficient. Health & Longevity. Anti- carcinogenic properties. In fact, dietary ketone supplementation has been shown to increase survival rates of mice with systematic cancer by as much as 7. Neuroprotection: As humans age, the brain becomes more susceptible to neurodegeneration and subsequent conditions such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Exogenous ketone supplementation appears to ameliorate the typical decline in cognitive function that comes with aging. The likely mechanism for this neuroprotective property is that ketone bodies reduce the inflammation and hyperexcitability that is normally exhibited as glucose metabolism declines in the brain. Anti- Inflammatory properties. There is evidence that gene sets can be up regulated or down regulated. Still early days but an example of this is a change in mitochondrial 3- hydroxy- 3- methylglutaryl- Co. A synthase (m. HS) in rats on a ketogenic diet. Mechanisms: How Exogenous Ketones Work. Exogenous ketones have a variety of physiological effects shortly after ingestion: For starters, ingesting ketones (especially ketone esters) is an efficient way to elevate BHB in the blood by upwards of 2 m. Mol for nearly 8 hours (see Ref. Ketone salts don’t appear to elevate BHB in the blood as efficiently (or significantly) as ketone esters do, though. Exogenous ketone supplementation causes blood glucose to decrease significantly, likely due to the acute increase in insulin sensitivity. Therefore, exogenous ketones may present a potential therapy for type- 2 diabetics via regulation of blood glucose. Exogenous ketones also improve oxygen utilization, especially in the central nervous system (CNS). This effect decreases the likelihood of oxygen reaching potentially toxic levels in the CNS, which in turn has a number of other positive health ramifications (such as those discussed in the previous section). As with almost any nutritional supplement, side effects and downsides are possible after consuming exogenous ketones. That being said, they tend to be rather benign and will most likely improve as exogenous ketone supplementation becomes more prominent. The most common side effects to be aware of when using exogenous ketones include: Electrolyte Imbalance – The physiological reasoning behind electrolytes becoming depleted during a state of ketosis is due to lack of water retention and frequent urination. When supplementing with exogenous ketones, the acute state of ketosis will likely increase the frequency of urination, but it won’t deplete glycogen stores. Therefore, it may be useful to drink an electrolyte solution if you are urinating a lot after taking exogenous ketones, but it’s dependent upon how you feel. Halitosis (bad breath)– If you. There is very little one can do about this, it.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
November 2017
Categories |